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Q1Indian Economy·Sustainable DevelopmentPYQ 2025
With reference to BRSR (Business Responsibility and Sustainability Reporting), consider the following statements:
1. RBI mandates all listed companies to file BRSR.
2. BRSR disclosures are largely non-financial in nature.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- A1 only
- B2 onlyCorrect
- CBoth 1 and 2
- DNeither 1 nor 2
Explanation
Correct. Sustainability reporting covers non-financial disclosures such as environmental, social and governance practices.
Q2Indian Economy·Sustainable DevelopmentPYQ 2025
Consider the following statements about circular economy:
1. It aims to reduce raw material use.
2. It seeks to reduce production waste.
3. It can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- A1 and 2 only
- B2 and 3 only
- C1 and 3 only
- D1, 2 and 3Correct
Explanation
Correct. Circular economy emphasizes reuse, repair, recycling and resource efficiency, which reduce raw material extraction, waste and emissions.
Q3Indian Economy·Sustainable DevelopmentPYQ 2025
Which of the following statements about PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana is correct?
- AIt targets rooftop solar adoption at the household levelCorrect
- BIt is a scheme for coal mine rehabilitation
- CIt is a programme to expand diesel gensets in villages
- DIt is unrelated to renewable energy
Explanation
Correct. The scheme promotes rooftop solar for households and supports adoption, implementation and related skilling.
Q4Indian Economy·Sustainable DevelopmentPYQ 2023
Carbon markets are primarily designed to:
- AFix retail fuel prices
- BCreate tradable instruments linked to emission reductions or emission allowancesCorrect
- CReplace all environmental regulation
- DTransfer resources only from private firms to the government
Explanation
Correct. Carbon markets put a price on carbon by allowing trading of emission permits or credits linked to emission reduction.
Q5Indian Economy·Sustainable DevelopmentPYQ 2023
Green hydrogen can help decarbonize which of the following?
1. Fertilizer plants
2. Oil refineries
3. Steel plants
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
- A1 and 2 only
- B2 and 3 only
- C1 and 3 only
- D1, 2 and 3Correct
Explanation
Correct. Green hydrogen can substitute fossil-based hydrogen and help decarbonize fertilizer, refining and steel production.
Q6Indian Economy·Sustainable DevelopmentPYQ 2021
With reference to 'Water Credit', consider the following statements:
1. It puts microfinance tools to work in the water and sanitation sector.
2. It is a global initiative under the aegis of WHO and the World Bank.
3. It enables poor people to meet their water needs without depending on subsidies.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- A1 and 2 only
- B2 and 3 only
- C1 and 3 onlyCorrect
- D1, 2 and 3
Explanation
Correct. Water Credit is an innovative approach by Water.org that leverages microfinance to help low-income households access affordable water and sanitation solutions without depending on subsidies.
Q7Indian Economy·Sustainable DevelopmentPYQ 2018
The PAGE initiative in the environmental policy context stands for:
- APartnership for Action on Green EconomyCorrect
- BPlatform for Agricultural Green Exports
- CProgramme for Atomic Generation Efficiency
- DPublic Alliance for Green Energy
Explanation
Correct. PAGE stands for Partnership for Action on Green Economy and supports countries in building greener and more inclusive economies.
Q8Indian Economy·Sustainable DevelopmentPYQ 2018
Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE) is most closely linked with the idea that:
- AEnvironmental sustainability and economic inclusion can be pursued togetherCorrect
- BGreen growth requires abandonment of employment concerns
- COnly developed countries can pursue green transitions
- DClimate policy is unrelated to development planning
Explanation
Correct. PAGE promotes policy approaches that link environmental sustainability with decent jobs, inclusion and structural transformation.
Q9Indian Economy·Sustainable Development
Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement?
1. The Kyoto Protocol imposed binding emission reduction targets only on developed countries.
2. The Paris Agreement requires all parties to submit Nationally Determined Contributions.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
- A1 only
- B2 only
- CBoth 1 and 2Correct
- DNeither 1 nor 2
Explanation
Correct. The Kyoto Protocol (1997) followed a top-down approach with binding targets for Annex I (developed) countries, while the Paris Agreement (2015) adopted a bottom-up approach where all parties submit NDCs.
Q10Indian Economy·Sustainable Development
The concept of 'Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities' (CBDR-RC) in climate negotiations implies:
- AAll countries must reduce emissions by exactly the same percentage
- BDeveloped countries bear greater responsibility due to historical emissions and higher capacityCorrect
- COnly developing countries need to take climate action
- DClimate change is not a shared global challenge
Explanation
Correct. CBDR-RC, enshrined in the UNFCCC and reaffirmed in the Paris Agreement, recognises that while all countries share the responsibility, developed nations bear more due to their historical emissions and greater economic capacity.
Q11Indian Economy·Sustainable Development
Which of the following best describes the Ethanol Blending Programme in India?
- AA programme to completely replace diesel with ethanol in heavy vehicles
- BA programme to blend ethanol with petrol to reduce fossil fuel dependence and vehicular emissionsCorrect
- CA programme to export surplus sugarcane as ethanol to the EU
- DA programme to subsidize ethanol consumption in the pharmaceutical industry
Explanation
Correct. India's Ethanol Blending Programme targets blending of ethanol with petrol (E20 target of 20 per cent blending by 2025-26) to reduce import dependence on crude oil and lower vehicular emissions.
Q12Indian Economy·Sustainable Development
Which of the following best captures the idea of climate finance?
- AFinance raised only for conventional fossil-fuel exploration
- BFinancial flows directed toward mitigation and adaptation activities related to climate changeCorrect
- CLoans given only by IMF for fiscal consolidation
- DBudget transfers limited to defence expenditure
Explanation
Correct. Climate finance refers to local, national or transnational financial resources that support mitigation, adaptation and resilience-related action.